Infectious Diseases Starting with "A"

 Anthrax is an acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus Anthracis, a microbe that lives in soil, and mainly in livestock. Humans are infected through skin contact, ingestion, or inspiration of spores from infected animals or animal products. The most common form of infection in humans is cutaneous anthrax which affects the skin and pulmonary anthrax which affects lungs, characterized by ulcerative skin lesions and severe breathing problems, respectively.

Abcess is a localized collection of pus, that develops as an immune reaction to infection. The skin surrounding the inflamed area is usually red and painful.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a severe immunological condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers due to the defect in cell-mediated immune response.

Anaerobes are organisms that can live and grow in complete or partial absence of oxygen.

An antibiotic is a drug that inhibits the growth of or destroys other organisms within the host during infection. Antibiotics are non-toxic to the host cell.

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are immune proteins found in blood or lymph, and produced by B lymphocytes. As an immune defense against foreign substances (antigens). they combine with the very antigen that triggers their synthesis to neutralize their action.

Antigens or immunogens are substances that can stimulate an immune response by producing antibodies against it. Antigens can be proteins or polysaccharides of microorganisms, toxins, foreign blood cells of transplanted organs, etc.

Aspergillus is a genus of fungus that includes several common molds growing on decaying plants. Aspergillosis is a common disease caused by Aspergillus characterized by cough, fever, and chest pain.

What You Can Do to Prevent Cancer and Why It Works

 Ditch the Smokes

Every puff of tobacco is packed with 250 harmful chemicals. Nearly 70 of them cause cancer. And it's more than just lung cancer. Cigarettes are linked to 12 other kinds, including stomach, bladder, kidney, mouth, and throat. The sooner you stop the better. Ask your doctor for advice on quit-smoking methods.

Eat More Broccoli

Fruits and veggies pack an anti-cancer punch because they're high in nutrients and fiber, and low in fat. Try broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, watercress, or other cruciferous vegetables. They protect against DNA damage that can turn cells cancerous. Or eat colorful berries. Studies show they have cancer-fighting chemicals that ward off damage to cells.

Trim a Few Pounds

Extra weight around your middle could add up to a greater chance of having cancer, especially of the breast, colon, uterus, pancreas, esophagus, and gallbladder. Researchers say one reason may be that fat cells release substances that encourage cancer cells to grow.

Go Easy on Alcohol

Tip back too many martinis each day, and your odds of cancer go up. Alcohol is linked to cancers of the mouth, breast, liver, esophagus, and others. The more you drink, the higher your risk. If you drink, do it in moderation. Women should stick to one drink a day, men up to two.

Cut Back on Hot Dogs

Think twice before you throw some on the grill. Studies show that processed meats, like hot dogs, bacon, and sausage, have chemicals called nitrites and nitrates that may be linked to cancer. And research suggests too much red meat like steak and burgers could be a long-term risk for colorectal cancer. Choose safer alternatives for your backyard cookout, like chicken breast or fish.

Get Off the Couch

Do you spend too much time lounging around? Cancer prevention is one more reason to get moving. Exercise fights obesity and lowers levels of hormones like estrogen and insulin, which have been linked to cancer. Aim for 30 minutes of aerobic exercise -- the kind that gets your heart pumping -- on most days of the week.

Put on Sunscreen

Baking in the sun might give you a healthy-looking glow, but under the surface, UV rays cause skin damage that could lead to cancer. Because you can burn in just 15 minutes, rub on sunscreen before you go outside. Pick a broad-spectrum product with an SPF of 30 or higher. Reapply whenever you sweat or swim. And when you're out in the sun, wear a wide-brimmed hat and wraparound sunglasses.

Practice Safer Sex

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) aren't your only worry during unprotected sex. Some of these infections also increase your odds of having cancer. About 70% of cervical cancers start with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. Some types of hepatitis can cause liver cancer. To stay safe, use a latex condom every time you have sex.

Get Vaccinated

When it comes to vaccines, think beyond your annual flu shot. Some can protect against cancer, too. Certain HPV vaccines prevent cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and anus. The time to get vaccinated is between ages 9 and 26. The hepatitis B vaccine wards off the virus that causes liver cancer. It's part of the childhood vaccination schedule.

Avoid Toxic Chemicals

Chemicals called carcinogens damage DNA in your cells and raise your chance of having cancer if you touch, eat, or breathe them in. Asbestos, radon, and benzene are a few that some people come into contact with at work or home. Chemicals in weedkillers, plastics, and some home products may also be risky. You can't avoid every chemical but know which ones are in the products you use and switch to safer options if you can.

Know Your Family History

You inherited more than your mother's eyes or your father's grin. They may also have shared their chances of having diseases like cancer. Some genes that parents pass down to their kids have flaws. They don't repair damaged DNA the way they should, which lets cells turn into cancer. Learn about your family's medical history and ask your doctor if a genetic test is a good idea for you.

Stay Up to Date with Screenings

Screening tests catch cancer early -- sometimes even before it starts. A colonoscopy often finds polyps in the colon and rectum before they turn into cancer. The Pap test locates pre-cancerous and cancerous cells in a woman's cervix. Mammograms and low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) look for early breast and lung cancers. Ask your doctor when to start getting these tests, and how often you need them.

Take Meds if You Need Them

Some drugs lower your odds of getting certain cancers. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex, Soltamox) and raloxifene (Evista) can reduce breast cancer risk but may have serious side effects. Aspirin may protect against colorectal and prostate cancers. Be wary, though, of supplements that promise to keep you cancer-free. Many haven't been proven, and some have side effects.

Be Cautious About Hormone Therapy

It can ease menopause symptoms like hot flashes and fatigue, and protect your bones. However hormone therapy may raise your chances of breast cancer and make cancer harder to detect. Ask your doctor about your risks before you try this treatment.

What to Do after You Overeat

 Relax

Don’t beat yourself up. One over-the-top meal won't ruin your health. Plus, too much guilt about eating habits can lead you to deny yourself. This can make you feel deprived and then cause you to binge again in an unhealthy cycle. Instead, decide what you'll do differently in the future, especially in the days that follow.

Take a Walk

An easy stroll will help stimulate your digestion and even out your blood sugar levels. Or go for a leisurely bike ride instead. But don’t overdo it. A real workout could send the blood to your legs instead of your stomach, which could slow digestion.

Drink Water

Don’t chug it by the liter until you feel sick. Just sip on a cup of water (about 8 ounces) after a big meal. It can help your body get rid of excess salt you likely got from your meal. It can also keep you from getting constipated. Continue to drink water over the rest of the day to keep yourself hydrated.

Don’t Lie Down

That means no naps (unless you can do it standing up). First, you lose the chance to burn off some of those calories you just ate by, say, doing the dishes or going for a walk. Also, when you lie down with a full stomach, food can work its way back up. This can slow digestion and worsen acid reflux (GERD). The couch will have to wait until your food has time to settle.

Skip the Bubbles

If you’ve already overdone it, carbonated drinks may not be a great idea. When you drink them, you swallow gas that can fill up your digestive system. This will make you feel even more bloated. You burp some of it away, and the rest moves through your digestive system until you pass it as gas.

Give Away Leftovers

If you still have food left after a meal, it might make you think you've eaten a healthy amount even though you've actually eaten too much. Some research suggests that this could make you eat more and exercise less later. If you keep leftovers, it may help to divide them into single servings so you don’t overdo it next time. Don’t keep calorie bombs like grandma’s pecan pie in the kitchen if you know you can’t resist.

Work Out

After some time has gone by, work up a real sweat: Run, lift weights, play basketball. It’s best to wait at least 3 to 4 hours after a big meal. It will burn off some of those extra calories. It may also help jump-start your metabolism and prevent constipation. And regular exercise seems to help control mood and hunger so you’re less likely to overeat in the future. 

Plan Your Next Meal

You can’t “uneat” that third slice of turtle chocolate cheesecake at your brother’s birthday feast. But you can prepare so you don’t overdo it tomorrow and beyond. Choose low-calorie recipes and plan out your meals for the week. Set aside time to make as many of your meals in advance as possible. Phone and computer apps can help you plan it all out to the last calorie.

Eat Mindfully

Try to look at eating as a kind of meditation. Pay attention to the flavor, feel, and color of your food. Think about the meal: Where was the food grown or raised? How did the cook make it? Try to take small bites and chew well. Stop from time to time and ask yourself if you feel full yet. This can help you eat less and feel more satisfied. 

Eat Slowly

It can take around 20 minutes for your stomach to tell your brain it’s full. If you’ve already eaten too much in the first 10 minutes, you haven’t given your brain the chance to figure it out. Half an hour later, you’re sure to feel uncomfortable from too much food. Slow down and you may find that not only do you eat fewer calories, but you also feel more satisfied.

The Old Switcheroo

You can eat more food with fewer calories if you switch out foods like fatty meat, white bread, and french fries for healthier choices. Think vegetables like broccoli, yellow squash, asparagus, and salad greens. Whole grains are better than white rice or pasta because they have more protein and fiber. This will help keep you satisfied longer so you’ll eat less.

When to Seek Help

If you often eat until you’re too full or even sick, you could have what's called a binge eating disorder. You might hide it from others. You may feel ashamed or disgusted after you eat too much. It may seem like you can’t stop even if you want to. Over time, it can take a serious toll on your body as well as your mental health. Treatment can help, so talk to a doctor if you’re worried.

Worst Things You Can Put on Your Face

 Hydrogen Peroxide

It’s a popular zit fighter because it kills bacteria living on your face. But hydrogen peroxide can damage your own skin cells, including fibroblasts that help make new tissue and heal wounds. Also, avoid it for cleaning cuts and scrapes. Use soap and water instead. Hydrogen peroxide might irritate your already fragile skin.

Breast Milk

This liquid gold has long been known for its bevy of health benefits for babies. Now some spas are offering breast milk facials to tamp down pimples and to soothe skin. It won’t hurt you. But you’re better off using a cream or other products that contain lauric acid, the fatty compound found in mother’s milk.

Witch Hazel

This plant is a common natural remedy to treat acne, tighten pores, and fight greasiness. Witch hazel acts as an astringent, a type of chemical that causes your skin tissue to contract. But toners that contain witch hazel can strip all the natural oils from your skin. That might lead to irritation, dryness, and even allergic reactions.

Hydrocortisone Cream

This medication is a balm for red, itchy, swollen skin. So you might be tempted to smear it on if you have rosacea or similar conditions. But this type of steroid cream thins the skin, so the blood vessels on your face are more likely to burst. It also can force your oil glands to go into overdrive, leading to what’s called “steroid acne.” It’s OK to apply a small amount for bug bites and itchy rashes for a day or two.

Deodorant

If beads of sweat are always rolling down your face, swiping an antiperspirant over your brows, cheeks, and elsewhere may seem like a clever solution. It isn’t. Deodorant sticks and rollers can clog pores and make you break out. The skin on your face is also sensitive, and you might get an allergic reaction. See a dermatologist instead. They may curb your sweaty glands with prescription medications or Botox.

Honey

This sweet stuff has been used to treat wounds since ancient times. Today, some folks dab it on to banish acne. Honey helps to keep germs at bay and lessens inflammation. But it probably doesn’t do much. One study found that honey worked no better than antibacterial soap. If you still want to try it, look for manuka honey which has a minimum rating of 10 UMF to ensure it has enough germ-fighting power.

Hair Dye

If you color your hair, you may want your brows to match. But it’s not a DIY project. Home dyes have too much peroxide to use safely near your brows. You might burn the surrounding skin or even injure your eyes. Instead, look for tinted brow gel at your drugstore. Or coat your brows with a lightweight mascara or eye shadow powder.

Urine

Devotees swear by their pee as the secret to smooth, unclogged skin. Urine is made up of mostly water and a compound called urea. Many creams and potions include a lab-made form of urea because it binds to moisture in the air and draws it to the skin. But your pee probably doesn’t contain enough of it to matter. Plus, it’s just gross.

Hair Spray

It’s a handy and effective fix to stop a run in your stocking or to get rid of static cling. But don’t use hair spray to set your makeup. The same ingredients that make hair stick also can dry out your skin or trigger an allergic reaction. A makeup setting spray is a better choice.

Lemon Juice

It’s loaded with vitamin C, which can brighten skin and smooth fine lines. But lemon juice is acidic and can irritate your face. You also might end up with an ugly rash from phytophotodermatitis, a skin reaction that happens if you expose chemicals in certain plants and fruits to sunlight or other ultraviolet light. The rash goes away on its own, but it can be uncomfortable.

Coconut Oil

If you believe the hype, it’s a magic elixir for beautiful skin. It’s true that coconut oil is rich in lauric acid, which has proven zit-fighting powers. But it’s also about 90% saturated fat, which can clog your pores. Use it as much as you want on your body -- in fact, research shows it can help with severe dryness or eczema -- but keep it away from your face.

Very Hot Water

Wash your face following the Goldilocks rule: not too hot, not too cold, but just right. High-temperature water strips your skin of moisture. When that happens, your skin’s oil glands try to replace it by churning out even more oil. The result? Acne breakouts.

Body Lotion

If you run out of your facial moisturizer, you may be tempted to substitute it with your body lotion. Resist. Most lotions for the body are thicker, and thus more likely to clog your pores. They also may have fragrances or other ingredients that can cause an allergic reaction on the thinner, more delicate skin on your face. Want to check if it’s OK to use on your face? The label should say fragrance-free and non-comedogenic

Glue

It’s all the rage on social media: turning school glue into facial masks to root out blackheads. People spread a layer of the white sticky stuff around problem-prone areas, let it dry, and peel it off. Unfortunately, this home hack won’t clean out your pores. It may just leave you with irritated skin or broken blood vessels. Worse yet, you could accidentally strip away the surface layer of your skin.

Nail Polish

Some people might resort to it in a pinch as a substitute for face paint at Halloween or for costume parties. The only place nail polish belongs is on your fingernails. Most contain ingredients like acetate and formaldehyde that can irritate your skin. To clean up, you’ll need nail polish removers, which have even harsher chemicals like acetones that may damage your face.

SOURCES:

Debra Jaliman, MD, dermatologist, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; author, “Skin Rules.”

Angela Lamb, MD, director, Westside Mount Sinai Dermatology Faculty Practice, New York City.

American Academy of Dermatology: “Scars: Overview.”

BMJ Open: “Randomized controlled trial of topical kanuka honey for the treatment of acne.”

International Hyperhidrosis Society: “Sweaty Face and Head.”

Dermatitis: “A randomized double-blind controlled trial comparing extra virgin coconut oil with mineral oil as a moisturizer for mild to moderate xerosis.“

Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health: “Coconut Oil.”

The Truth about Carbs

 What Are Carbs?

They’re one of three types of food that give your body energy. The other two are proteins and fats. Together, they provide the fuel your body uses to build and repair itself. Carbs break down into glucose (sugar) that you can use right away.

Your Body’s Fuel

Your body runs on glucose. Your brain, in particular, needs it to work the way it should. Carbohydrates are an almost instant source of it. Your body can break down and use fat for some of the same needs, but not all of them. Plus, fat that’s used for fuel makes compounds called ketones that can raise the level of acid in your blood, and that can be unhealthy over the long term.

Workout Prep

Because carbs are a source of energy, they can keep you going strong while you exercise. Experts recommend fueling up 1 to 3 hours beforehand with a combination of carbs and protein, like oatmeal, Greek yogurt, peanut butter, or nuts and raisins.

Full of Nutrients

The best-quality carbs -- berries, vegetables, and whole grains -- are packed with vitamins, fiber, and antioxidants that are important for good health and well-being. Whole grains have fatty acids, magnesium, B vitamins, folate, and zinc. Fruit and starchy veggies have some of those, plus phytonutrients like flavonoids and carotenoids that help prevent disease. If you skip the carbs, you lose out on those nutrients, too.

Simple Carbs

Think of table sugar as simple carbs in pure form. They’re very small molecules, which makes them especially easy for your body to break down and use. That means they raise your glucose levels (blood sugar) really fast. Things that sweeten any number of candies, pastries, and desserts are loaded with these kinds of carbs.

Complex Carbs

String together a bunch of simple carbs, and you get these larger molecules. Your body has to break them down into simple carbohydrates and then into glucose before it can use them. This takes longer, which means your blood sugar goes up more slowly and they’re less likely to be changed into fat. These kinds of carbs include multigrain bread and pasta, beans, potatoes, and other vegetables.

Storage Tank

Before your body turns leftover glucose from carbs into fat, it stores what it can in your liver in the form of glycogen. This keeps your body going between meals. But your liver can only keep a day or so’s worth at a time.

If You Have Too Many

If you overdo the carbs, your blood sugar levels can get too high. This causes your body to make more insulin, which tells your cells to save the extra glucose as fat. That can be unhealthy if you’re already carrying a few extra pounds. It can lead to diabetes and other related health issues.

If You Don’t Have Enough

If there aren’t enough carbs in your diet, you could get constipated from lack of fiber and nutrients. Your body is also forced to use protein or fat for energy. Proteins are the building blocks of the body. If you use them as fuel, you may not have enough left to make more cells and keep them healthy.

The Right Amount

The number of carbs you need can depend on your gender, size, and how active you are -- and that can change as you get older. But as a general rule, about half your daily calories should come from carbs in fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and dairy products. Just make sure to go with healthy, complex carbs, and don’t overdo the simple ones.

Low-Carb Diets

In theory, fewer carbs mean less sugar. And “ketogenic” diets have been shown to help some people lose weight and control their blood sugar in the short term. But these diets include lots of protein, and your body may need to use stored calcium to digest it. Plus, digesting lots of protein can be hard on your kidneys over time. You also tend to eat more saturated fat to replace the carbs, and that can be unhealthy in the long term, too.

Diabetes and Carbs

If you have this disease, you need to watch your carbs carefully because your body has trouble keeping your blood sugar at a safe level. If you have too many, your body may not be able to bring your blood sugar down quickly enough. But if your blood sugar gets too low, a glass of juice or another simple carb might be just the thing to kick it back up again. If you have diabetes, talk with your doctor about the best way to manage carbs.

Where to Get Healthy Carbs

Look for unrefined whole grains like quinoa, rye, and barley instead of highly processed white bread and pastries. Whole unprocessed fruits and vegetables are better than juices. And it’s a good idea to pass on the high-carb potato foods, especially French fries, in favor of beans, chickpeas, and other legumes.

Study Shows DASH Diet Cuts Risks to Cognitive Decline in Women

 Written by Jay Croft

Oct.24, 2023 -- A heart-healthy diet has been linked with a lower risk of cognitive decline among women over 40 in a new study.

The study found that the more these women stuck to the DASH diet – short for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension – the less risk they had of experiencing these issues.

The study was reported in Alzheimer’s & Dementia.

The DASH diet relies on fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins while restricting red meat, salt, added sugars, and fat. It was designed to lower high blood pressure.

The diet also has been shown to reduce people’s risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke, Healthline reported.

The research was based on data from more than 5,000 women who were among 14,000 in the New York University Health Study. Their average age at entering the program was 46.3 years.

Information about their diets was compared to how closely they followed the DASH diet. After about 30 years, the women were asked to share any cognitive issues, with researchers asking them questions that revealed mild cognitive impairment that can lead to dementia.

A third of the participants said they had more than one of the six types of cognitive issues they were asked about. However, those who kept most tightly to the DASH diet had a 17% lower risk of reporting multiple complaints.

Heart-healthy diets like the DASH diet are rich in nutrients found in vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and seeds, said Kelsey Costa, a registered dietitian for the National Coalition on Healthcare.

“These components possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, potentially reducing brain oxidative stress while promoting neurogenesis (nerve cell formation) and neuronal connectivity, contributing to our brain’s overall health and functionality,” she said.

The DASH diet also reduces high blood pressure, which is a risk factor for cognitive decline, she noted.

Alzheimer’s & Dementia: “Mid-life adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and late-life subjective cognitive complaints in women”

Healthline: “Women Over 40 Who Adopt DASH Diet May Have Lower Risk of Cognitive Decline”

Skin Problems Linked to IBD

 Erythema Nodosum

It causes tender, reddish lumps usually on your shins, which can look like bruises. It may start with flu-like symptoms such as fever and aching. It’s the most common skin problem linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is related to your immune system’s response to bowel bacteria. The bumps tend to show up when your IBD flares and go away when you treat it. To ease the pain, keep your legs elevated and apply a cool compress. Pain relievers, like ibuprofen or naproxen, may help, too.

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

It’s the next most common skin problem for people with IBD, and the most severe. It starts with a small, red bump, usually on your legs or near where you’ve had surgery. Within hours or days, it grows into a large, painful sore or ulcer. Doctors aren’t sure of the cause. It can be tough to treat. The most common treatment is daily steroids, along with wound care and medications you rub on your skin.

Fissures

IBD can cause small tears in the skin around your anus. They can cause blood in your stool and pain during a bowel movement. Most heal on their own, but warm baths and ointments can ease pain or itchiness. If the fissure doesn’t go away by itself, your doctor may prescribe medicine to help relax the muscles in that area, which allows the tears to heal.

Acne

Some medications that treat IBD can cause skin problems as a side effect. Steroids can cause severe acne and a puffy face. Other side effects of these drugs may include stretch marks, thin skin, ankle swelling, and slow wound healing.

Psoriasis

It’s a disease that can cause red, dry, scaly, itchy skin and soreness. Researchers aren’t clear on how it’s linked with IBD, but people with Crohn’s disease are eight times more likely to have psoriasis. It may be a combination of your genes and immune system that puts you at risk for both diseases. You can treat it with creams, medicine you take by mouth, or light therapy.

Enterocutaneous Fistulas

It’s a small tunnel between your intestines and your skin, usually from the rectum to the vagina, bladder, or buttocks. It may leak waste or pus and cause pain or swelling. It’s more common with Crohn’s disease than with ulcerative colitis. Fistulas are complicated to treat. Depending on where it is and how bad it is, you may need medication or surgery.

Skin Tags

About one-third of people with Crohn’s disease have skin tags around their anus. They happen because of swelling from hemorrhoids. When the swelling goes down, the skin gets thicker and forms either large, hard flaps or flat, soft, painless ones. If waste sticks to the tags, it can irritate your skin. Good hygiene is the best way to prevent discomfort from skin tags.

Canker Sores

Smallmouth sores or ulcers can pop up inside your mouth during IBD flares or as a side effect of medication, you take for the condition. They may make it uncomfortable to eat acidic, spicy, or hot foods. Sores should go away as you treat your Crohn’s or UC. Special mouthwash can also help clear up the sores.

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

If your IBD leads to ongoing diarrhea, you may lose zinc in your stool. This could cause acrodermatitis enteropathica, a disorder that causes a flaky rash or blisters usually on your hands, feet, face, or genitals. Treatment is simple: Take a zinc supplement.

Pyoderma Vegetans

It’s a rare condition, and it affects people with ulcerative colitis. Like many skin issues related to IBD, researchers believe it’s caused by problems with the immune system. Pyoderma vegetans leads to blisters or patches around the groin or under the arms, which get darker as they heal. There is no standard treatment, but treating the IBD itself is key.

Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis

Vasculitis means “inflammation of the blood vessels,” and leukocytoclastic refers to immune cells that build up in blood vessel walls.  It’s a rare condition. Doctors think it’s caused by immune problems that come with IBD. It looks like raised red spots on your legs and feet. They are sometimes itchy or painful. If it’s severe, they might turn into open sores or large blisters. Vasculitis usually goes away with IBD treatment.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo makes your skin lose its color in blotches. It’s slightly more common in people with IBD, maybe because of a genetic link or because of something related to the immune system. Treatments include medicines, creams, and light therapy.

Clubbing

With this condition, the skin under your nails gets thicker, which causes your fingertips to get bigger and your nails to curve around them? If you have IBD, you have higher odds of finger clubbing, perhaps because of certain chemicals in your blood. There is no treatment, but managing your IBD may help it get better.

Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita

If you’ve had Crohn’s disease for many years, you may be more likely to get this disorder. It causes blisters on your knees, elbows, hands, and feet. It could be caused by ongoing inflammation in your intestines. Steroids and other types of medicine can treat epidermolysis bullosa, but you should also avoid contact sports or anything that could harm your skin.

Sweet’s Syndrome

It starts with a fever and small red bumps that appear quickly on your arms, neck, head, or the trunk of your body. The bumps grow into a painful rash. Doctors don’t know exactly why, but Sweet’s syndrome can appear in response to IBD. You can treat it with steroids, either in pill form or cream, but it’s common for Sweet’s syndrome to come back.

SOURCES:

Frontiers in Physiology: “Skin Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.”

Mayo Clinic: “Pyoderma gangrenosum,” “Psoriasis,” “Vitiligo,” “Fingernails: Possible problems,” “Sweet’s Syndrome.”

InflammatoryBowelDisease.net: “What is an Anal Fissure,” “What is a Fistula?” “Perianal Disease,” “Mouth Sores and Other Oral Symptoms.”

Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation: “Skin Complications of IBD.”

Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis: “Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin?”

American Osteopathic College of Dermatology: “Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis.”

Diseases of the Colon & Rectum: “Finger Clubbing, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Circulant Vasodilators.”

Medscape: “Erythema Nodosum Treatment & Management,” “Clubbing of the Nails Treatment & Management.”

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center: “Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.”

Signs You're Low on Vitamin C

 How Much Do You Need?

If you eat a balanced diet, it's pretty easy to get enough. Adult women (who aren't pregnant or breastfeeding) need 75 milligrams of vitamin C per day; men, 90 milligrams. A mere 1/2 cup of raw red bell pepper or 3/4 cup of orange juice will do it, while 1/2 cup of cooked broccoli gets you at least halfway there. Your body doesn't make or store vitamin C, so you have to eat it every day.

Who's Falling Short?

The most likely people include those with an overall poor diet, with kidney disease who get dialysis, heavy drinkers, and smokers. You'll need an extra 35 milligrams of vitamin C per day to help repair the damage caused by free radicals that form when you smoke. If you're among the 7% of Americans who aren't getting enough vitamin C, you'll notice symptoms within 3 months.

Slow Wound Healing

When you get hurt, vitamin C plays a role in healing. Your body needs it to make collagen, a protein that plays a role in each stage of repairing the skin. And vitamin C helps neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights off infection, work well.

Bleeding Gums, Nosebleeds, Bruises

Vitamin C keeps your blood vessels healthy, and it helps your blood clot. Collagen is also essential for healthy teeth and gums. One study found that people with gum disease who ate grapefruit for 2 weeks noticed their gums didn't bleed as much.

Weight Gain

Early research has found a link between low levels of vitamin C and higher amounts of body fat, especially belly fat. This vitamin may also play a role in how well your body burns fat for energy.

Dry, Wrinkled Skin

People who eat a healthy diet with plenty of vitamin C may have smoother, softer skin. One possible reason is that vitamin C is an antioxidant, it can help protect your skin from free radicals. These break down oils, proteins, and even DNA.

Tired and Cranky

In a very small study, 6 of the 7 men who had low levels of vitamin C said they felt tired and irritable. That suggests a link, though other things could be playing a role. Another study of 141 office workers found that giving them vitamin C made them feel less tired within 2 hours, especially if their level was lower to start with. Then the effect lasted for the rest of the day.

Weak Immunity

Since vitamin C has several jobs related to your immune system, it shouldn't surprise you to learn you're more likely to get sick and may have a harder time recovering. There's some evidence that vitamin C can help protect you from illnesses such as pneumonia and bladder infections. It may even lower your odds of heart disease and some types of cancer.

Vision Loss

If you have age-related macular degeneration (AMD), it may get worse faster without vitamin C other antioxidants, and certain minerals. Getting enough vitamin C from foods might help prevent cataracts, but we need more research to understand that relationship better.

Scurvy

Before the 1700s, this potentially deadly disease used to be a huge problem for sailors. Today, it's relatively rare but possible if you get only 10 mg/day of vitamin C or less. People with scurvy also have problems such as loose teeth, cracked fingernails, joint pain, brittle bones, and corkscrew body hair. When you boost vitamin C, symptoms start getting better in a day, and usually it's cured within 3 months.

Signs of Dementia

 Medically Reviewed by Christopher Melinosky, MD on May 12, 2023, Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

Dementia is a term for a group of diseases with similar symptoms that affect your ability to think, socialize, and remember. It causes memory loss, confusion, and severe deficiency in problem-solving and language skills. Generally, people with dementia have symptoms severe enough to impact their daily life. 

Dementia mainly affects people over age 65. People with a close relative who had dementia are more likely to get it than those with no family history of it.

If you think that a loved one has dementia, talk to them about it, and make a plan to see a doctor who specializes in treating patients with dementia.

Types of Dementia

Common types of dementia include:

Alzheimer’s disease (wasting away of brain cells over time)

Vascular dementia (blood vessels to the brain are blocked)

Lewy body dementia (buildup of proteins in the brain)

Frontotemporal dementia (loss of brain cells in front and sides of the brain)

Mixed dementia (different dementia types combined)

The following conditions can also cause dementia symptoms:

Huntington’s disease (brain nerve cells break down over time)

Parkinson’s disease (affects the brain’s ability to control movements)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (a condition that destroys brain cells)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

The types of dementia previously mentioned are not reversible. They are progressive (happen slowly but steadily) and get worse over time. However, some types of dementia may be reversible, such as those caused by:

Infections

Lack of vitamins

Medications

Brain tumors

Lack of oxygen to the brain

Poisoning

Signs of Dementia

There are different signs depending on the type of dementia a person has. However, generally, they involve the following.

Memory Loss

Memory loss is a common symptom of dementia. At first, it may be minor, but once it disrupts your daily life, it may be a sign of dementia.

In the early stages, it is called mild cognitive impairment. As symptoms worsen, you may find yourself relying more on sticky notes to remember, or forgetting more things.

However, occasionally forgetting things is normal and usually not something to worry about.

Mood Changes

People with dementia may experience mood swings anytime, especially when they are out of a familiar environment. They may become irritable, fearful, suspicious, or confused at times.

As you age, you may develop comfortable routines. It’s normal to feel a little upset if your typical routine is disrupted. This is not a concern for dementia. Dementia-caused mood swings generally seem out of character for the person with symptoms.

Problems Speaking and Writing

It’s normal to occasionally have trouble finding the right word for something, but if it happens frequently, it may be a sign of dementia. People with dementia may also struggle to follow conversations or forget the topic of a chat.

Difficulty Doing Familiar Things

People with dementia may forget how to do things they used to do frequently. They may get lost going to familiar places, forget how to use a stove or cell phone, or get confused while grocery shopping.

Occasional confusion while doing a familiar task is normal and may not be a sign of dementia, but if it becomes a problem, it may be time to get a doctor’s advice.

Problems with Visual and Spatial Perception

Dementia can affect spatial visualization (seeing the world around you). Dropping or spilling things more often, or tripping over objects more frequently can be a sign of dementia.

However, as you age, there are other conditions that may affect your vision, like cataracts. So it’s important to rule those out, especially if this is your main symptom.

Living with Dementia

Create a Regular Routine

Create a daily schedule and write it down. By doing this, you may spend less time trying to figure out what you want to do on any given day. Plus, routine and predictability are helpful for some people with dementia.

Keep Up Your Social Life

Consider joining a group for people with dementia, or attending dementia-friendly activities. These activities have safety measures in place so you can socialize safely. It may also be helpful for you to share stories with others who have dementia.

Keeping in touch with your friends and loved ones is also good for your overall mental health.

Tell People You Are Close To

Some people with dementia hesitate to tell people because they do not want their friends and family to treat them differently. However, letting people know about your dementia is good for your safety. It will let people know that you may act differently when you are around them. It can also let them know that you may need their help in the future for things like driving or running errands.

Write Things Down & Keep Them Handy

Write down important numbers and post them in an obvious place like by the phone or on the fridge. Write down your schedule and place it somewhere you will see it. You may find using sticky notes and putting them on the door or other places you look frequently will help you remember important things.

Put Bills on Autopay

Setting up your bills to directly debit (be removed) from your bank account means one less thing you have to remember. If you need help to set this up, you can ask a tech-savvy relative or call the service for which you need to set up autopay.

Use a Pill Organizer to Remember Medications

People with dementia may take prescription medication to help with the symptoms. They may also take vitamins or medications for other conditions. It can be hard to remember whether you took your medications and vitamins each day. There are specialized pill containers that have sections for each day to help. You can get one that has multiple spaces per day for medications that you have to take at different times of the day.

Support and Resources

This condition can be overwhelming for caregivers, family members, and people with dementia. The following resources can help.

SOURCES:

Alzheimer’s Association: “Find Your Local Chapter.”

Alzheimer’s Association: “Helpline.”

Alzheimer’s Association: “10 Early Signs and Symptoms of Alzheimer’s.”

Alzheimer’s Association: “Tips for Daily Life.”

Alzheimer’s Association: “What Is Dementia?”

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer’s.”

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: “The Truth about Aging and Dementia.”

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: "What Is Dementia?"

Dementia Friendly America: “Resources.”

Mayo Clinic: “Dementia.”

Memory Cafe Directory: “Memory Cafe Directory.”

National Health Service: “Living well with dementia.”

National Health Service: “Symptoms of dementia.”

Short Bursts of Activity MAY Cut Your Cancer Risk

 Written by Ralph Ellis

July 28, 2023 – People who do 4 to 5 minutes of vigorous physical activity daily can reduce their cancer risk by up to 32%, a new study published in JAMA Oncology says.

Researchers at the University of Sydney, Australia, studied data from wearable fitness devices worn by more than 22,000 “non-exercisers,” and then examined their health records for 6 or 7 years.

The scientists found that people who did 4 to 5 minutes of “vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity” (VILPA) had a “substantially” lower cancer risk than people who did no VILPA.

Examples of VILPA are vigorous housework, carrying heavy shopping bags around the grocery store, and bursts of power walking, and playing high-energy games with children. The activities could occur in 1-minute bursts, instead of all at once.

The study found that a minimum of around 3.5 minutes of daily VILPA was linked to an 18% reduction in cancer rates, compared to no VILPA. The study said 4.5 minutes of daily VILPA was linked to a 32% reduction in cancers related to physical activity, including lung, kidney, bladder, and stomach cancers.

“We know the majority of middle-aged people don’t regularly exercise, which puts them at increased cancer risk, but it’s only through the advent of wearable technology like activity trackers that we are able to look at the impact of short bursts of incidental physical activity done as part of daily living,” Emmanuel Stamatakis, PhD, the lead author of the study and a professor at the University of Sydney’s Charles Perkins Centre, said in a news release.

Study participants had an average age of 62 and reported that they didn’t exercise in their spare time. VILPA, a concept coined by researchers at the university, was measured by wrist accelerometers that people in the study wore over 7 days at the start of the study, the news release said.

“We are just starting to glimpse the potential of wearable technology to track physical activity and understand how unexplored aspects of our lives affect our long-term health – the potential impact on cancer prevention and a host of other health outcomes is enormous,” Stamatakis said.

SOURCES:

JAMA Oncology: “Vigorous Intermittent Lifestyle Physical Activity and Cancer Incidence among Nonexercising Adults.”

EurekAlert!: “Short bursts of daily activity linked to reduced cancer risk.”

Self Care with Menopause and Vasomotor Symptoms

 Cool Down the Heat

Menopause can make your own “personal summers” turn into scorchers. Hot flashes and night sweats are the most common symptoms of menopause. More than 80% of midlife women have these vasomotor symptoms. It’s believed menopause resets your inner thermostat and you feel hotter at a lower temperature. Your body sends more blood to your skin’s surface to help cool you down.

What Vasomotor Symptoms Feel Like

You may feel heat, from your chest up, and you may flush or sweat. A hot flash or night sweats (a flash that happens during sleep) usually passes in a few minutes. But your heart may race – which can trigger stress and anxiety. Afterward, you may get chills.

Symptoms can run the gamut, from hardly noticeable to very bothersome. About 15% have serious symptoms. Some doctors call these women “super flashers.”

Try Self-Care for Menopause

There are medications to ease vasomotor symptoms. But you may want to try some lifestyle changes first, especially if you’re not bothered too much.

The way you dress, your bedroom environment, and even what you eat can either make hot flashes and night sweats worse or better.

Know Your Triggers

Some things may set off a hot flash. Your diet and other things could be to blame. Typical triggers include:

Spicy foods

Hot drinks

Caffeine

Alcohol

Medication

Stress

 A food diary may help you track what may trigger your personal symptoms so you can avoid them. If you find a medicine is one of them, talk to your doctor.

Watch Your Weight

If you’re overweight or obese, you may have hot flashes more often, and they can be more serious. However, weight gain is common at midlife and can be a difficult problem to tackle.

Some ways to lose extra pounds include:

Limit portion sizes.

Choose water rather than sugary drinks.

Avoid processed foods like chips or sweets.

Pass on fried or fast foods.

Munch on Menopause-Friendly Food

A diet rich in fruits, veggies, and lean proteins like fish and beans may help with hot flashes. Foods with soy have compounds that some studies show can control vasomotor symptoms.

Try these:

Soy milk

Edamame

Tofu

Other foods have compounds that act like estrogen and may control hormone levels.

These include:

Rice

Oats, barley, and wheat

Berries and apples

Dried beans and lentils

 Don’t forget to get plenty of low-fat dairy and green leafy veggies to give your bones the calcium they need to stay strong.

Move Your Bod

Regular exercise can improve sleep, lift your mood, and manage weight gain. Aim for 150 minutes of moderate exercise a week to get your heart pumping.

Walk or jog outside on a cool, clear day to soak up bone-friendly vitamin D.

Hit the pool and take a few laps.

Take dancing lessons.

Choose an activity you love, so you’ll stick with it.

 Try tai chi or yoga to strengthen muscles, get more flexible, and improve your balance. It’s important to avoid yoga postures that put too much stress on your spine.

Be a Cool Dresser

Choose clothes made of cotton or other breathable fabrics. Dress in layers so you can peel off clothes when you feel a hot flash coming on. Try wearing a light shirt under a cardigan or jacket instead of a heavy sweater.

Other ways to help keep your cool include:

Set the air conditioning or heat to the lowest temperature you can.

Use a portable fan at home and in your workspace.

Sip cool water throughout the day.

Sleep Smart

Night sweats can wake you soaked to the bone. Try these hacks to make bedtime less sticky and sweaty:

Take a cool shower before bed.

Make the bedroom a cool, comfortable temperature.

Dress in lightweight pajamas or a nightgown.

Don’t wear socks in bed.

Buy “cooling” bedding and pillows.

Stash an ice pack under your pillow; turn the pillow over to the cool side when you start to get hot.

Keep a glass of ice water on the nightstand.

Stop Lighting Up

Women who quit smoking have less serious hot flashes than those who smoke during menopause, according to some studies. Smoking can lessen your hormone levels and have a negative effect on your ovaries.

Plus, quitting is better for your heart health, lessens your risk of some cancers, and more.

If you can’t kick the habit on your own, talk to your doctor.

Mind Your Menopause

Mind-body practices and therapy may help. These include:

Cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT may help erase negative thinking about your hot flashes so you feel less stressed. You’ll still get them, but they may bother you less.

Mindfulness meditation. This helps you focus on what’s happening at the moment. Like CBT, it won’t stop vasomotor symptoms, but you may be able to deal with them better.

Hypnosis. This therapy uses imagery and verbal repetition to calm you. Studies have shown that it can reduce the number of hot flashes.

Be a Supplement Skeptic

You’ve probably seen herbs and supplements marketed to treat vasomotor and other symptoms of menopause. Most don’t have enough scientific evidence to say they make a difference. These include:

Black cohosh

Evening primrose oil

Red clover

Dong Quai

 Talk to your doctor before taking any herbal supplement – especially if you have health problems. These aren’t regulated like drugs and can carry some serious health risks.

 ‘Dance’ in the Sheets

Having sex won’t necessarily help with your vasomotor symptoms. But vaginal stimulation – with or without a partner – can keep your tissues healthy.

Still, hormonal changes may thin and dry your vagina, which can make sex painful. Some over-the-counter remedies can help:

Vaginal moisturizers (Replens, K-Y Liquibeads, and others) applied every few days can moisten dry tissues.

Lubricants (Astroglide, JO, and others) used at the time of intercourse can make sex more comfortable.

Talk to your doctor if sex is still painful. There are prescription medications that may help.

Have ‘Real Talk’ With the Girls

Talk to friends or family who are going through menopause, too. Find out how they manage their hot flashes, night sweats, and other symptoms. Share your own tips.

Learning some new ways to deal with symptoms may help guide you through this phase of life with confidence.

Safe Sex Mistakes to Avoid

 Not Getting Tested for STIs

You’d know if you had one, right? Not so fast. Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have mild symptoms or none at all. If you’re sexually active, talk to your doctor about testing or visit a health clinic. They’ll take some of your blood to test or have you pee in a cup.

Using a Condom the Wrong Way

Condoms help protect you from STIs and pregnancy, but only if you use them the right way. Only put a condom on an erect, or hard, penis. Pinch any air out of the end and roll it all the way down. When you’re finished having sex, hold the base of the condom and pull out.

Using Expired Condoms

Don’t forget to check the expiration date. If a condom is dry, sticky, or stiff when you take it out, toss it and use a fresh one.

Thinking Birth Control Stops STIs

The only surefire way to avoid them is to not have sex -- oral, anal, or vaginal -- or swap bodily fluids. Most forms of birth control, like pills or intrauterine devices (IUDs), won’t protect you from STIs. Barrier forms of protection, such as condoms and dental dams, lower your chances of infection and pregnancy.

Having Anal Sex to Avoid Pregnancy

Your chances of getting pregnant from anal sex are low, but it’s not impossible. That’s because semen can move from your anal area to the vagina. STIs are your main concern, though. Rectal tissue is thin and can tear easily, letting infection in. Use a condom every time you have anal sex. And use plenty of lube. Condoms are more likely to break during anal sex because there’s less natural lubrication.

Unprotected Sex During Your Period

Pregnancy is more common around the time your ovary releases an egg (ovulation). That’s around the middle of your cycle. You’re most fertile during these 5-7 days, including the day of ovulation and 3-5 days before. If you have a shorter menstrual cycle and have sex toward the end of your period, you could get pregnant 4-5 days later.

Unprotected Sex Your First Time

Some people think you can’t get pregnant the first time you have sex. But this just isn’t true. Whenever sperm is in or near the vagina or vulva (the vaginal opening), there’s a chance of pregnancy. The only way to avoid getting pregnant is to not have sex. But if you do, be sure to use condoms or some other form of birth control.

Pulling Out as Birth Control

Also called the withdrawal method, the goal is to take your penis out of the vagina before you climax, or ejaculate. But it’s risky for a few reasons. It takes self-control to pull out in time. And sperm can still get into the vagina through fluid that comes from the penis before you ejaculate. There’s also no protection against STIs.

Not Using Condoms Because You’re Symptom-Free

You or your partner can have no symptoms and still have an STI. This means you can infect each other. Always use a condom during sex and get tested regularly for STIs.

Douching to Stop Pregnancy

Douching, or cleaning your vagina with water or a special solution, doesn’t protect you from pregnancy or an STI. In fact, it can spread an infection to other parts of the reproductive system like your uterus and fallopian tubes. Your vagina cleans itself.

Reason Your Weight Changes Throughout the Day

 Your Diet

The balance between energy in (eating) and energy out (burning off those calories) is why your weight goes up and down.  If you take in more than you burn, you gain weight -- sometimes right away. Losing that weight can be hard, too. To lose 1 pound, experts say, your calorie balance (eating minus burning off) needs to be 500 fewer than normal each day for a week.

How You Weigh Yourself

You can't just hop onto your bathroom scale and expect a spot-on measurement every time. The flooring your scale sits on (it should be on a hard surface), how you stand (weight even on both feet), and the clothes you wear (or don’t) need to be consistent.  If not, you may see wildly different numbers.

The Scale You Use

We all know you can jump onto a scale at the doctor’s office, drive back home, jump onto yours, and see a big difference. Scales differ. Digital ones are usually more accurate. Whichever type you use, make sure you zero out your scale before you climb on.

When You Weigh Yourself

Morning is usually the best time to get your most accurate reading. You’ve had some sleep, and you probably haven’t had much to eat or drink yet. As the day goes on, though, you will.  Expect your scale to top out after a big meal. If you brace yourself, it’s a little easier to take.

Exercise

Some athletes can drop 6% to 10% of their body weight after a single workout (that’s mostly in sweat). Your change may not be as drastic. But dropping a pound or two after you hit the gym isn't uncommon.

Your Health

Illness and disease can bring unexpected weight change. Cancer, diabetes, heart failure, and even the common cold can have ripple effects. If you lose your appetite or retain water, that may tip the scale one way or the other. Talk with your doctor if you see changes that you didn't expect.

The Medicine You’re Taking

Many drugs, including anti-inflammatories, antihistamines, and opiates, can cause quick weight loss. Other meds, like insulin, antidepressants, and some anti-epileptic drugs, could make you gain weight quickly. Always ask your doctor about the side effects of the medicines you take, both prescription and over-the-counter.

Drinking Too Much Water

A quart of it weighs about 2 pounds. If you just drink it -- and you don’t exercise -- that’ll show up on the scale right away. That doesn't mean you should give up H2O. In the long run, drinking water (especially instead of high-calorie sugary beverages) can help you lose weight.

Not Drinking Enough Water

Somewhere between 55% and 75% of your body is water. Falling below your natural level can bring headaches or dry skin. If you fall too far under, you may have trouble thinking straight. You may also drop weight suddenly. If you don’t drink enough to replace what you lose throughout the day, the scale will show it.

Your Daily Coffee

Studies show that your cup of java (or three) can help you keep your weight in check. Caffeine might help squelch your appetite or burn a few calories. But be careful: A high-calorie, high-fat drink might push the scale the other way, too.

Salt

Too much of it in your diet is bad for your heart. It can cause you to retain water, too. That can raise your weight. Plus, people with high-sodium diets tend to eat more processed foods and snacks. Those are all high in fat and calories. Too many of those can put pounds on in a hurry.

Bathroom Breaks -- or Lack Of

Your weight can change depending on how much you’ve used the bathroom. Eat a big meal, but don’t have a bowel movement? It shows. (It's called fecal weight.) Too much to drink can register on the scale, too, if you don’t pee. On the other end of the spectrum, diarrhea can bring dehydration and weight loss.

Your Sleep Habits

Studies show that how much -- or how little -- you sleep can change your weight.  For example, after sleepless nights, you may feel hungrier than usual. That can cause you to eat bigger meals, which can lead to scale shock later in the day.

Your Age

You may not see your weight change on the day you turn 30 (or 40 or 50). But as we get older, many of us gain weight naturally (we may become less active or have other changes like menopause).  After about 60, you may start to lose your appetite (it may be harder to chew, or you may be ill or depressed). That can cause you to drop pounds.

Your State of Mind

While you’re stepping on a scale a few times a day, know that changes happen. Don’t get too worked up about it. Weighing yourself every day to stay aware of those ups and downs can help you keep a healthy weight -- or at least stay within a couple pounds of it.

Preventing Yourself Like a Pro

 Pruning Your Eyebrows

Do your eyebrows look like an unweeded garden? Plucking once in a while might be enough. If you have a true unibrow looming, you might need more drastic measures. Waxing is relatively easy, either at home or in a salon. Once every six to eight weeks should do it.

Bad Breath

Bad breath is a colossal turnoff, but how do you know if you have it? This will give you an idea: Lick the back of your hand, wait, and smell. Causes of bad breath vary. Some guys resolve it with a toothbrush or fewer onions. If you still have chronic bad breath despite precautions, see a dentist. You could have an infection or other problems.

Nose and Ear Hair

It's cruel: As the hair starts disappearing from your scalp, it sprouts everywhere you don't want it. When it comes to nose hairs, don't pluck. First, it hurts. Second, nose hairs actually help filter out the air going into your lungs. Instead, an electric trimmer to cut them back a bit. You can use the trimmer on ear hairs, too.

Hand and Nail Care

Even if you don't pay them any mind, your hands get noticed every day -- every time you shake someone else's, for instance. Dirty or ragged fingernails aren't manly. They're a turnoff. Consider a manicure -- lots of men get them -- to get you on track. If not, do the bare minimum. Trim your nails regularly. Invest a few dollars in a nail brush and use it.

Thinning Hair

If your hair is thinning, grooming experts have blunt advice: Own up to it. Don't hide it with longer hair, or lots of product, or elaborate styling. No one will be fooled, except maybe you. Get it cut short or shave it off entirely. You'll look better and realize you have nothing to be ashamed of.

How Not to Smell

Go ahead and wear cologne. But if you do, don't also use a scented soap, aftershave, deodorant, and face cream. Stinking up the office with a cocktail of clashing manly scents isn't a good idea. When it comes to smell, subtle is best. Something else to consider: the more scented stuff you put on yourself, the higher the odds you'll irritate your skin.

Shaving: Don’t Rush

Considering that most men do it daily, it's amazing how bad we can be at shaving. For one, we're impatient. We slap on a big beard of shaving cream and start scraping immediately. Instead, give shaving cream three minutes to permeate and soften the hairs. If you shave in the shower, let water soak in for a few minutes before you shave. It's why men used to get hot towels over their faces before a shave.

Shaving: A Light Touch

While razors often have four blades or more, that doesn't necessarily mean they're better -- especially if you keep re-shaving the same area. Too much focus on a close shave can result in nicks and razor burns. Better to go to work with a hint of stubble than with bits of tissue on your face. If ingrown hairs are a problem, try exfoliation or use shaving gel instead of foam, and shave in the direction hair grows.

Skin and Sun

After three or four decades, the sun starts to take a toll on your face. Most of the wrinkles we associate with old age are actually the result of sun damage. Some guys pull off that weather-beaten look. The rest just look wrinkly. Protect your skin by using a sunblock-broad spectrum containing zinc oxide and an SPF 30 or higher.

How to Wash Your Face

Are you washing your face with the same harsh soap that you use to scrub your armpits and crotch? That's not a good idea. Not only is the skin on your face sensitive, but it's also the first thing that everybody sees. Scaly, dried-out skin doesn't look good. Avoid soaps with strong smells and opt for a gentle non-soap face cleanser.

Foot Care

Of all the body parts that men ignore, your feet might be most neglected. But your partner is bound to notice them -- especially if scratched by your toenail in the night. Trim your nails straight across regularly. Soak your feet and sand away some of that dead skin with a pumice stone. You'll both like the results.

Petroleum Jelly: Health Benefits and Uses

 Helps Wounds Heal

Petroleum jelly hit the market almost 150 years ago. It’s still a favorite of dermatologists. That’s because it seals water into your skin. That’s good for your wounds because they need a moist place to heal. It may take up to twice as long for dry injured skin to get better. This oily moisturizer may also ease the redness of a new scar and lower your chances of infection. It also won’t burn when you put it on.

Relief for Eczema and Psoriasis

With some conditions, your skin may have a hard time keeping water in and bad stuff out. If it’s really dry, it could crack and let in bacteria. Petroleum jelly may help your skin and the medicines you take work better. It can ease inflammation and keep your skin moist. This can help you itch and scratch less.

To get the most out of your petroleum jelly, use it on your skin when it’s damp.

Help for Atopic Dermatitis in Babies

Petroleum jelly can relieve itchy skin in newborns and infants. If atopic dermatitis (eczema) runs in your family, petroleum jelly may be a low-cost way to help your child avoid it. You can start to use it on your baby’s skin about 3 weeks after they’re born.

It Can Kill Mature Lice, but Not the Eggs

Like mayonnaise, petroleum jelly is a home remedy for lice. Research shows it may kill adult lice. But it doesn’t keep the eggs, known as nits, from hatching. That means it’s not a good way to control lice. Instead, you should use a medicine that’s made to kill lice, called a pediculicide.

Blister Prevention

Before you head out for a run, rub some petroleum jelly between your legs or on your heels. It may keep you from chafing in areas that rub together. If you do get a blister, petroleum jelly on your sore can help it heal.

Diaper Rash Relief

Petroleum jelly protects the skin from outside stuff. That includes your baby's poop and pee. You can use it between diaper changes if your baby gets a rash.  Dermatologists like it because there are no fragrances or preservatives. That’s good for babies' butts and parents' hands.  And there’s no evidence that costly diaper rash creams work better than petroleum jelly. But that doesn’t mean you have to toss them. If you like the way a cream smells or feels, keep using it.

Hemorrhoid Help

Petroleum jelly may help you feel better if you have a hemorrhoid flare. You can add a layer inside your anal area to protect your sensitive skin. This may make it more comfortable to poop. You may itch and hurt less, too.

Windburn Prevention

Petroleum jelly can protect your skin against wind and cold. Just rub a thin layer on any area that might get exposed to the air. You can also dab a little under your runny nose if it gets dry. But you may want to avoid areas that are acne-prone. Petroleum jelly can trap bacteria and oil in your skin. That can make your breakouts worse.

Eye Moisturizer

The skin around your eyes is really thin. This means it can get bothered easily. A layer of petroleum jelly can give your eyelids some added moisture. It’s also a safe way to remove eye makeup. But try not to get any inside your eye. It’s not likely to cause an allergic reaction, but it could add bacteria.  

Protection for Your Pet’s Paws

Rub a little petroleum jelly on your dog’s paw pads before you take them out for a winter walk. It can protect their feet from the cold and from salt on the sidewalks. This oily layer can also moisturize your pet’s skin if they have atopic dermatitis.

Nail Moisturizer

You don’t need costly creams to keep your nails in good shape. Petroleum jelly can hydrate all parts of your hands. If your nails are brittle, it can help fill in and smooth out some of the ridges and rough spots. If you get manicures a lot, you may want to dab some on after your next session. But make sure your nails are still a little damp first to seal in the water.

How to Avoid Greasiness

A little petroleum jelly goes a long way. But if you don’t want it on your fingers at all, use a small spatula to put on a thin layer wherever you want to use it. If you moisturize your hands or feet, just put on gloves or socks after. But keep in mind that oil-based products may stain fabric or carpet.

Can You Use It With Oxygen Therapy?

Some experts think you shouldn't use petroleum jelly while you’re on oxygen therapy because there’s a small chance the combo could start a fire if there's a spark. But there’s no evidence that this happens a lot. There’s another reason you may want to avoid using an oil-based moisturizer in your nose. It’s rare, but petroleum jelly could hurt your lungs. To be safe, try a water-based option instead.

Don’t Put It on Your New Sunburn

Oil-based products can keep heat inside your skin. If your skin is burned, it’s better to use aloe vera or soy-based products on it. And you’ll probably peel after a sunburn no matter what moisturizer you use. That’s because ultraviolet rays from the sun hurt the cells in your skin. A moisturizer can’t undo the damage. But it may help you heal faster and make your peeling less visible.

Don’t Eat It

In large doses, petroleum jelly can give you diarrhea or stomach cramps. It may make you throw up. Keep it away from kids and pets. You don’t need to worry if they get a little in their mouth. But if they can’t swallow or they cough a lot, call the poison control center at 1-800-222-1222.

Don’t Use It for Sex

It’s a bad idea to use petroleum jelly when you have sex. It could cause latex condoms to break. If you’re female, it might raise your chances of getting bacterial vaginosis. Try a water-based option instead.

There Are Natural Oil-Based Options

Petroleum jelly comes from a fossil fuel. If you’d like a natural choice, try pure shea butter, cocoa butter, or cold-pressed coconut oil. They may not stay on as well, but they’ll keep your skin moist.

Medical Marijuana: What Should You Know

 What Is It?

Medical marijuana is derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. Humans have turned to it as an herbal remedy for centuries, and today people use it to relieve symptoms or treat various diseases. The federal government still considers it illegal, but some states allow it to treat specific health problems. The FDA, the U.S. agency that regulates medicines, has approved one cannabis-derived drug product cannabidiol (Epidiolex) to treat certain seizure disorders.

Key Ingredients

Marijuana has chemicals called cannabinoids. Medical researchers usually focus on the health effects of two in particular: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the substance that makes you high; CBD doesn’t have mind-altering effects.

Forms of Medical Marijuana

There are a variety of ways to take the drug. You can inhale a vaporized spray, smoke the leaves, take a pill or liquid, or bake it into foods. All of the types differ in terms of how often you should use them, how they’ll affect your symptoms, and the side effects you may feel.

How It Works in Your Body

The chemicals in marijuana affect you when they connect with specific parts of cells called receptors. Scientists know that you have cells with cannabinoid receptors in your brain and in your immune system. But the exact process of how the drug affects them isn’t clear yet.

What Does It Treat?

State laws differ on the conditions that you can legally treat with medical marijuana. But you might be allowed to use it if you have Alzheimer’s, ALS, cancer, Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, seizures, hepatitis C, AIDS, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, or severe nausea. But scientists aren’t sure that it helps all of these conditions. The research is most clear that it can work as a painkiller, to stop vomiting during chemotherapy, to relieve some MS symptoms, and to treat a few rare forms of epilepsy.

Are There Risks?

If you smoke it, you could have breathing problems such as chronic cough and bronchitis. Research has linked cannabis use and car accidents. If you use it while pregnant, you may affect your baby’s health and development. Studies also show a tie between pot and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

FDA-Approved Versions

Besides the approval of cannabidiol (Epidolex) as a treatment for two rare kinds of epilepsy, the FDA has also approved three synthetic cannabis-related drug products: Marinol (dronabinol), Syndros (dronabinol), and Cesamet (nabilone). If you have nausea caused by chemotherapy, you might take a synthetic cannabinoid, either dronabinol or nabilone. Dronabinol also can help boost the appetite of people with AIDS.

Laws in Conflict

California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana, in 1996. As of March 2021, 36 states in the U.S. have done so. (Recreational weed is also legal in some places.) However the federal government still considers it an illegal drug, which can create confusion. For instance, even if you have a prescription, the Transportation Security Administration doesn’t allow cannabis in your luggage.

How Do You Get It?

The rules vary, depending on where you live. Generally, you’ll need to consult with a doctor and have a condition that your state has approved for treatment with cannabis. You might get an ID card. In some areas, you buy products at a specific store called a dispensary.

Do People Become Addicted?

Doctors don’t know much about the addiction risk for people who use the drug for medical reasons, and it needs more study. But people who use marijuana to get high can go on to have substance misuse issues. The most common problem is dependence. If you’re dependent, you’ll feel withdrawal symptoms if you stop using. If you’re addicted -- a more severe problem -- you’re unable to go without the drug.

Why Don’t We Know More?

Although cannabis has been an herbal remedy for centuries, the evidence for how well it works is lacking in many cases. Scientists prefer large studies with certain types of controls before they draw conclusions, and much of the research thus far hasn’t met those standards. Products vary in strength and it’s hard to measure doses, which has made judging the benefits of marijuana even more complicated.

An Opioid Alternative?

Could cannabis help solve issues involving these powerful painkillers? In some states, prescriptions for this pain medicine fell and researchers found a link to fewer overdose deaths. However another study found a link between pot use and abuse of these narcotic drugs. Scientists need more evidence before they can say for sure.

How to Start Running

 Make Sure You’re Ready

You’re more likely to hurt yourself if you haven’t been very active lately, so take it slow, even if you feel great. If you’re over 50 and haven’t done regular exercise in a while, or you have a long-term condition like diabetes or heart disease, talk with your doctor before you start to run.

Test Your Fitness Level

You may have some idea of how fit you are, but it’s good to have numbers to compare as you go. Take your pulse right before and after you walk a mile. Do the same for a 1.5-mile run (if you feel fit enough), and time it. About 6 weeks into your running routine, check those numbers again -- they can tell you something about how far you’ve come.

Set a Goal

It’s hard to get somewhere if you don’t know where you’re going. Do you want to finish a 5K race? Lose weight? Improve your health? Decide what you want to do so you can make the right plan to help get you there. And remember to measure your distance, weight, and blood pressure -- whatever’s linked to your goal -- so you can track your progress. It'll help keep you motivated.

Plan It Out

Whatever your goal, a good plan will help you get there safely. It should tell you where to start, how quickly to add to your mileage when to rest, and how to keep from getting hurt -- and it should do this on a day-by-day basis. Find a training schedule that works for you, or check with your doctor or a licensed exercise professional if you’re not sure where to start.

Start Easy

If you need to work your way up, you can start by walking and begin to run gradually, as you feel comfortable. A good goal is to get at least 150 minutes a week of “moderate aerobic activity,” like walking, or 75 minutes of “vigorous aerobic activity,” like running. Spread those minutes out over the course of a week.

Warm Up

This eases you into your run and may help prevent injury and keep your muscles from being sore. If you’re going for a fast walk, walk slowly for 5 to 10 minutes first. If you’re going for a run, start with a brisk walk or slow jog.

Listen to Your Body

If you get dizzy, feel sick, or can’t catch your breath, stop -- you’re probably overdoing it. Be flexible with your schedule as you get started. Take a couple of days off to get your strength back if you need to.

Cool Down

This lets your heart rate and blood pressure ease back into their normal ranges after your run. You do it the same way you warmed up: Slow down and go for another 5 to 10 minutes.

Stretch

When you run, your muscles get tighter. These exercises can help keep your joints loose and get more blood to those areas. Stretch major muscles after your run, not before: Be gentle, breathe freely, and try to hold each one for around 30 seconds. A running guide or exercise professional can help with the right moves for you.

Rest

It’s natural to kick off your new hobby with enthusiasm, but don’t overdo it. In addition to starting slow, you also need to make sure you give your body a break. That can keep you from getting injured and burning out. In fact, “rest days” can be as important as “run days” for your health and for boosting your speed and distance. They give your body a chance to recover and get stronger.

Make It a Habit

Habits can be hard to shake. Some happen when you’re not thinking about them -- if you mindlessly pick up a doughnut with your morning coffee, for example. But you can create them too. First, you need a cue -- an alarm on your phone, maybe -- that tells your brain you’re about to run. Then you follow it instantly with a reward, like a cup of coffee or a TV show. After a few weeks, your daily run may become a hard habit to break.

Make It Social

You’re less likely to cancel your workout if you make plans to meet a buddy or a group. It’s more fun, too -- as you get used to the pace, you should be able to chat easily. A little friendly competition with people at your level also can help you stick to your new routine.

SOURCES:

Charlesduhigg.com: “The Power of Habit,” “How Habits Work.”

Harvard Business Review: “Regular Exercise Is Part of Your Job.”

Jeff Galloway Training: “Run Walk Run.”

LiveScience: “How to Start an Exercise Routine and Stick to It,” “30 Minutes of Exercise May Be As Good As 1 Hour.”

Mayo Clinic: “Stretching and flexibility,” “Aerobic exercise: How to warm up and cool down,” “5K run: 7-week training schedule for beginners,” “Fitness program: 5 steps to get started.”

How to Improve Your Circulation

 Why You Need Good Blood Flow

It’s hard to believe, but your body holds about 60,000 miles of blood vessels. Along with your heart and other muscles, they make up your circulatory system. This network of roadways carries blood to every corner of your body. But when your circulation is poor, it slows or blocks the blood flow. That means the cells in your body can’t get all the oxygen and nutrients they need.

Signs of Poor Circulation

When your limbs can’t get enough blood, your hands or feet may feel cold or numb. If you’re light-skinned, your legs might get a blue tinge. Poor circulation also can dry your skin, turn your nails brittle, and make your hair fall out, especially on your feet and legs. Some men may have trouble getting or keeping an erection. And if you have diabetes, your scrapes, sores, or wounds tend to heal slower.

Snuff Out Tobacco

Nicotine is the active ingredient in cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. It harms the walls of your arteries and thickens your blood so much, it can’t get through. If you smoke, quit. It can be hard to stick with it, but your pharmacy or doctor’s office can help.

Control Your Blood Pressure

If it’s too high, it can cause arteriosclerosis, a condition that hardens your arteries and can help choke off blood flow. Aim for 120 mmHg over 80 mmHg or less, but ask your doctor about the best numbers for your age and health. Check your reading at least once a month. You can buy a home blood pressure monitor or use a kiosk at your pharmacy.

Gulp It Down

Blood is about half water. So you need to stay hydrated to keep it moving. Aim for 8 glasses of water a day. You’ll need to drink more if you exercise or if it’s hot outside.

Stand Up at Your Desk

Sitting for hours at a time isn’t great for your circulation or your back. It weakens leg muscles and slows the blood flow in your legs, which could cause a clot. If you’re a desk jockey at work, consider a standing desk instead. It may take a little while to get used to, but getting on your feet works the valves in your leg veins, sending blood up to your heart.

Relax and Twist

Yoga is a low-impact exercise that can jump-start your blood flow. When you move, it brings oxygen to your cells. When you twist, it sends blood to your organs. And upside-down positions shift blood from the bottom half of your body up to your heart and brain.

Hit the Wall (in a Good Way)

Not a yogi? When your ankles or feet swell, try the legs-up-the-wall yoga pose. Also called viparita karani, it’s an easy way to send your blood in the other direction. Lie on the floor or on a yoga mat, with your left or right shoulder close to the wall. Turn your body so you can put your feet up, and scooch your bottom against the wall. Stretch your arms out on the floor with palms down for balance.

Pump It Up

Aerobic means “with oxygen.” So when you run, bike, walk, swim, and do similar exercises, you take in more oxygen and move it to your muscles. This gets your blood pumping, makes your heart stronger, and lowers your blood pressure. Set a goal to exercise for 30 minutes, 5 to 7 days a week. Break it up into small chunks if needed. If you walk, know that moderate to intense speeds -- at least 3 miles an hour -- offer the best health benefits.

Cop a Squat

This form of strength training not only gets your blood pumping, it also helps lower your blood sugar and helps with back pain. Start with your feet shoulder-width apart and your arms at your sides. Now slowly bend at your hips and knees, but keep your back straight, like you’re sitting in a chair. As you return to the starting position, bend your arms for balance.

Compress Your Socks

Put your wardrobe to work. Compression socks put a bit of squeeze on your legs so your blood doesn’t hang around too long. Instead, it’ll move back up to your heart. Ask your doctor which length and amount of pressure are best for you.

Eat More Plants and Less Meat

Let’s face it: There’s no downside to a balanced diet. Eat lots of fruits and vegetables. Stay away from saturated fats that can be found in red meat, chicken, cheese, and other animal sources. Steer clear of too much salt. That will help keep your weight in a healthy range and your cholesterol and blood pressure in check -- and your arteries clear.

Brush Your Body, Not Just Your Hair

Sweep your blood in the right direction. Take a body brush with stiff, flat bristles and stroke on your dry skin. Start with your feet and work your way up, using long motions on your legs and arms. Make circles on your belly and lower back. Dry brushing also gets rid of dry skin. Do it every day, right before your shower.

Sip or Soak

It’s a temporary fix, but a bath is a great way to kick-start your circulation. Warm water makes your arteries and veins open a bit wider, letting more blood through. Hot water or tea does the trick as well.